Learning Is an Active, Social Process

 J.Bruner's Constructivist theory states that learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based on their current/past knowledge which provides meaning and organization. Constructivism views each learner as a unique individual with unique needs and backgrounds. Constructivism emphasizes the importance of the learner being actively involved in the learning process, not simply mirror and reflect what they read and hear.

Constructivists provide guidelines and create the environment for the learner to arrive at his or her own conclusions and should be able to adapt the learning experience in mid-air by using his or her own initiative in order to steer the learning experience. The learning environment should also be designed to support and challenge the learner's thinking.  Constructivists give the learner ownership of the problem and solution process, but it is not the case that any activity or any solution is adequate. The critical goal is to support the learner in becoming an effective thinker.

Learners with different skills and backgrounds should collaborate in tasks and discussions in order to arrive at a shared understanding of the truth.

  • Encourage students to discover principles by themselves through active dialogue (Socratic method)
  • Translate information into a format appropriate to the learner's current state of understanding.
  • Students continually build on what they have already learned.
  • Instruction must be concerned with the experiences and contexts that make the student willing and able to learn (readiness).
  • Instruction must be structured so that it can be easily grasped by the student (spiral organization).
  • Instruction should be designed to allow the students to go beyond the information given.